References

Adams, Jesse, Cassidy Houchins, and Rajesh Ahluwalia. “Onboard Type IV Compressed Hydrogen Storage System - Cost and Performance Status.” DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record, November 25, 2019. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/19008_onboard_storage_cost_performance_status.pdf.

Apostolakou, A. A., I. K. Kookos, C. Marazioti, and K. C. Angelopoulos. “Techno-Economic Analysis of a Biodiesel Production Process from Vegetable Oils.” Fuel Processing Technology 90, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1023–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.017.

Argonne National Laboratory. GREET Model: The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation Model. Argonne, IL (United States): Argonne National Laboratory, 2018. https://greet.es.anl.gov/.

Atnoorkar, Swaroop, Matthew Wiatrowski, Emily Newes, Ryan Davis, and Steve Peterson. “Algae to HEFA: Economics and Potential Deployment in the United States.” Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, April 26, 2024, bbb.2623. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2623.

Bennett, Jesse, Partha Mishra, Eric Miller, Brennan Borlaug, Andrew Meintz, and Alicia Birky. “Estimating the Breakeven Cost of Delivered Electricity to Charge Class 8 Electric Tractors.” National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States), October 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2172/1894645.

Borlaug, Brennan, Shawn Salisbury, Mindy Gerdes, and Matteo Muratori. “Levelized Cost of Charging Electric Vehicles in the United States.” Joule 4, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 1470–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.013.

Borlaug, Brennan, Fan Yang, Ewan Pritchard, Eric Wood, and Jeff Gonder. “Public Electric Vehicle Charging Station Utilization in the United States.” Transportation Research. Part D, Transport and Environment 114 (December 12, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103564.

Bracci, Justin, Mariya Koleva, and Mark Chung. “Levelized Cost of Dispensed Hydrogen for Heavy-Duty Vehicles.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States), March 5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2172/2322556.

Brooker, Aaron, Jeffrey Gonder, Sean Lopp, and Jacob Ward. “ADOPT: A Historically Validated Light Duty Vehicle Consumer Choice Model,” 2015-01–0974, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0974.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. “Airline Fuel Cost and Consumption (U.S. Carriers - Scheduled), January 2000 - April 2024.” Bureau of Transportation Statistics F41 Schedule P12A, June 2024. https://www.transtats.bts.gov/fuel.asp?20=D&qv52ynB=qn6nH.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. “Available Seat-Miles (the Number of Seats and the Distance Flown in Thousands (000)), All U.S. Carriers - All Airports.” Bureau of Transportation Statistics T-100 Segment data, June 2024. https://www.transtats.bts.gov/Data_Elements.aspx?Data=4.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. “Revenue Passenger-Miles (the Number of Passengers and the Distance Flown in Thousands (000)), All U.S. Carriers - All Airports.” Bureau of Transportation Statistics T-100 Segment data, June 2024. https://www.transtats.bts.gov/Data_Elements.aspx?Data=4.

Burnham, Andrew, David Gohlke, Luke Rush, Thomas Stephens, Yan Zhou, Mark A. Delucchi, Alicia Birky, et al. “Comprehensive Total Cost of Ownership Quantification for Vehicles with Different Size Classes and Powertrains.” Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States), April 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2172/1780970.

California Air Resources Board. “LCFS Pathway Certified Carbon Intensities.” California Air Resources Board, April 27, 2020. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/lcfs-pathway-certified-carbon-intensities.

California Air Resources Board. “Low Carbon Fuel Standard Program,” 2019. https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm.

DOE. “Alternative Fuels Data Center,” 2024. https://afdc.energy.gov/.

DOE. “Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, 2022.” Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, 2023. afdc.energy.gov/fuels/prices.html.

DOE. “Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office Multi-Year Program Plan.” DOE, 2024. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/hfto-mypp-2024.pdf.

DOE. “Alternative Fuels Data Center,” 2019. https://afdc.energy.gov/.

DOE. “Pathways to Commercial Liftoff: Clean Hydrogen,” March 2023. https://liftoff.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230523-Pathways-to-Commercial-Liftoff-Clean-Hydrogen.pdf.

DOE. “Bioenergy Technologies Office Multi-Year Program Plan 2023,” 2023. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/beto-mypp-fy23.pdf.

DOE. “DOE National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap,” September 2022. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/docs/hydrogenprogramlibraries/pdfs/clean-hydrogen-strategy-roadmap.pdf?Status=Master.

Davis, Ryan E., Nicholas J. Grundl, Ling Tao, Mary J. Biddy, Eric C. Tan, Gregg T. Beckham, David Humbird, David N. Thompson, and Mohammad S. Roni. “Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels and Coproducts: 2018 Biochemical Design Case Update; Biochemical Deconstruction and Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Products via Integrated Biorefinery Pathways,” November 19, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2172/1483234.

Dunn, Jennifer, Michael Johnson, Zhichao Wang, Michael Wang, Kara Cafferty, Jake Jacobson, Erin Searcy, et al. “Supply Chain Sustainability Analysis of Three Biofuel Pathways: Biochemical Conversion of Corn Stover to Ethanol Indirect Gasification of Southern Pine to Ethanol Pyrolysis of Hybrid Poplar to Hydrocarbon Fuels.” Argonne, IL (United States): Argonne National Laboratory, November 2013. https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2014/07/78878.pdf.

Dunn, Jennifer B., Mary Biddy, Susanne Jones, Hao Cai, Pahola Thathiana Benavides, Jennifer Markham, Ling Tao, et al. “Environmental, Economic, and Scalability Considerations and Trends of Selected Fuel Economy-Enhancing Biomass-Derived Blendstocks.” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 561–69. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02871.

Dutta, A., M. Talmadge, J. Hensley, M. Worley, D. Dudgeon, D. Barton, P. Groendijk, et al. “Process Design and Economics for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Thermochemical Pathway by Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis.” Golden, CO (United States): National Renewable Energy Laboratory, May 1, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2172/1015885.

Dutta, Abhijit, Calvin Mukarakate, Kristiina Iisa, Huamin Wang, Michael Talmadge, Daniel Santosa, Kylee Harris, et al. “Ex Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels: 2020 State of Technology.” National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States), June 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2172/1805204.

Dutta, Abhijit, Hao Cai, Michael S. Talmadge, Calvin Mukarakate, Kristiina Iisa, Huamin Wang, Daniel M. Santosa, et al. “Model Quantification of the Effect of Coproducts and Refinery Co-Hydrotreating on the Economics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of a Conceptual Biomass Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Process.” Chemical Engineering Journal 451 (2023): 138485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138485.

EIA. “Annual Energy Outlook 2023.” Washington D.C.: U.S. Energy Information Administration, March 16, 2023. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/.

EIA. “U.S. Gasoline and Diesel Retail Prices,” 2024. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_dcus_nus_a.htm.

EIA. “Electricity Data Browser - Average Retail Price of Electricity,” 2023. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&geo=g00080000004&endsec=vg&linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&freq=A&start=2021&end=2023&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&pin=&rse=0&maptype=0.

EIA. “Electricity Data Browser - Net Generation for All Sectors,” 2023. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/0?agg=0,1&geo=g00080000004&freq=A&start=2021&end=2023&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&maptype=0&rse=0&pin=.

EIA. “Monthly Energy Review, Table 9.4,” 2024. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec9_6.pdf.

EIA. “Glossary,” 2019. https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/.

EIA. “Monthly Energy Review, Table 9.5,” 2023. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/browser/?tbl=T09.05.

EIA. “Monthly Energy Review, Table 9.5,” 2024. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/browser/?tbl=T09.05.

EIA. “Petroleum and Other Liquids: Definitions, Sources, and Explanatory Notes,” 2019. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/TblDefs/pet_move_wkly_tbldef2.asp.

EIA. “Summary of Legislation and Regulations Included in the Annual Energy Outlook 2023.” U.S. Energy Information Administration, March 2023. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/assumptions/pdf/Legs_Regs.pdf.

EIA. “Liquid Fuels Market Module of the National Energy Modeling System: Model Documentation 2022,” June 2022. https://eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/nems/documentation/.

EPA. “New Fuel Economy and Environment Labels for a New Generation of Vehicles.” Washington D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2011. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P100BAV0.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2011+Thru+2015&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C11thru15%5CTxt%5C00000001%5CP100BAV0.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL.

EPA. “Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2): Final Rule.” Policies and Guidance. US EPA, July 15, 2015. https://www.epa.gov/renewable-fuel-standard-program/renewable-fuel-standard-rfs2-final-rule.

EPA. “Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program; Final Rule,” March 26, 2010. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2010-03-26/pdf/2010-3851.pdf.

Elgowainy, Amgad, Jeongwoo Han, Jacob Ward, Fred Joseck, David Gohlke, Alicia Lindauer, Todd Ramsden, et al. “Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025–2030) Technologies,” September 1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2172/1324467.

Experian. “Automotive Data & Auto Industry Trends | Experian Automotive,” 2023. https://www.experian.com/automotive/auto-data.

FRED, and U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. “Gross Domestic Product: Implicit Price Deflator,” May 30, 2024. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPDEF.

Federal Highway Administration. “2022 NextGen National Household Travel Survey Core Data.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2022.

Gagnon, Pieter, An Pham, Wesley Cole, Sarah Awara, Anne Barlas, Maxwell Brown, Patrick Brown, et al. “2023 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States), January 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2172/2274777.

Greene, David L., and Benjamin Leard. “Trends in Scrappage and Survival of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicles.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 180 (2024): 103982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.103982.

Han, Jeongwoo, Ling Tao, and Michael Wang. “Well-to-Wake Analysis of Ethanol-to-Jet and Sugar-to-Jet Pathways.” Biotechnology for Biofuels 10, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0698-z.

Han, Jeongwoo, Amgad Elgowainy, Hao Cai, and Michael Q. Wang. “Life-Cycle Analysis of Bio-Based Aviation Fuels.” Bioresource Technology 150 (December 1, 2013): 447–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.153.

Hubert, McKenzie, David Peterson, Eric Miller, James Vickers, Rachel Mow, and Campbell Hoew. “Clean Hydrogen Production Cost Scenarios with PEM Electrolyzer Technology.” DOE Hydrogen Program Record. DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Office, May 20, 2024. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/docs/hydrogenprogramlibraries/pdfs/24005-clean-hydrogen-production-cost-pem-electrolyzer.pdf?sfvrsn=8cb10889_1.

Humbird, D, R Davis, L Tao, C Kinchin, D Hsu, A Aden, P Schoen, et al. “Process Design and Economics for Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Dilute-Acid Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover,” March 1, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2172/1013269.

Hunter, Chad, Michael Penev, Evan Reznicek, Jason Lustbader, Alicia Birky, and Chen Zhang. “Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Class 8 Tractors and Class 4 Parcel Delivery Trucks,” September 16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2172/1821615.

Hunter, Chad, Michael Penev, Evan Reznicek, Jason Lustbader, Alicia Birky, and Chen Zhang. “Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Class 8 Tractors and Class 4 Parcel Delivery Trucks.” National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States), September 16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2172/1821615.

ICAO. “CORSIA Sustainability Criteria for CORSIA Eligible Fuels,” 2019. https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Documents/ICAO%20document%2005%20-%20Sustainability%20Criteria.pdf.

ICCT. “E-Truck Virtual Teardown Study,” June 11, 2021. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Final-Report-eTruck-Virtual-Teardown-Public-Version.pdf.

IPCC. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.

Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Daniela Nieto Prada, Ram Vijayagopal, Charbel Mansour, Paul Phillips, Namdoo Kim, Michel Alhajjar, and Aymeric Rousseau. “Detailed Simulation Study to Evaluate Future Transportation Decarbonization Potential.” Report to the US Department of Energy, Contract ANL/TAPS-23/3. Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States), October 2023. https://anl.app.box.com/s/hv4kufocq3leoijt6v0wht2uddjuiff4.

James, Brian, Jennie M Huya-Kouadio, Cassidy Houchins, Rajesh Ahluwalia, Xiaohua Wang, Michael Ulsh, Gary Robb, David Masten, Christian Appel, and Vivek Murthi. “Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell System Cost – 2022.” DOE Hydrogen Program Record. DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Office, May 30, 2023. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/docs/hydrogenprogramlibraries/pdfs/23002-hd-fuel-cell-system-cost-2022.pdf?Status=Master.

James, Brian D, Jennie M Huya-Kouadio, Cassidy Houchins, Daniel A DeSantis, and Strategic Analysis. “Mass Production Cost Estimation of Direct H2 PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Transportation Applications: 2018 Update,” 2018, 355.

Jones, Susanne B., Yunhua Zhu, Daniel B. Anderson, Richard T. Hallen, Douglas C. Elliott, Andrew J. Schmidt, Karl O. Albrecht, et al. “Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading,” March 20, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2172/1126336.

Kaluza, Sebastian, David Almeida, and Paige Mullen. “BMW i ChargeForward: PG&E’s Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Pilot.” A cooperation between BMW Group and Pacific Gas and Electricty Company, 2016. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiHvd_M5MeCAxVonWoFHYyXBUkQFnoECBoQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fefiling.energy.ca.gov%2FGetDocument.aspx%3Ftn%3D221489&usg=AOvVaw18Zvc3tE8HCM_gTJeRusUA&opi=89978449.

Kelechava, Brad. “ASTM Fuel Oils Standard Specification.” The ANSI Blog (blog), May 10, 2021. https://blog.ansi.org/astm-d396-fuel-oils-standard-specification/.

Ledna, Catherine, Matteo Muratori, Arthur Yip, Paige Jadun, Christopher Hoehne, and Kara Podkaminer. “Assessing Total Cost of Driving Competitiveness of Zero-Emission Trucks.” IScience 27, no. 4 (March 2, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109385.

Lee, Uisung, Hoyoung Kwon, May Wu, and Michael Wang. “Retrospective Analysis of the U.S. Corn Ethanol Industry for 2005–2019: Implications for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions.” Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining 15, no. 5 (2021): 1318–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2225.

NREL. “EVI-FAST: Electric Vehicle Infrastructure – Financial Analysis Scenario Tool,” 2023. https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/evi-fast.html.

NREL. H2A-Lite: Hydrogen Analysis Lite Production Model, 2024. https://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/h2a-lite.html.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory. “National Household Travel Survey,” February 2019. https://nhts.ornl.gov/vehicle-trips.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Federal Highway Administration. “National Household Travel Survey,” 2022. https://nhts.ornl.gov/vehicle-trips.

Slowik, Peter, Aaron Isenstadt, Logan Pierce, and Stephanie Searle. “Assessment of Light-Duty Electric Vehicle Costs and Consumer Benefits in the United States in the 2022–2035 Time Frame.” International Council on Clean Transportation, October 2022. https://theicct.org/publication/ev-cost-benefits-2035-oct22/.

Snowden-Swan, Lesley, Justin Billing, Michael Thorson, Andy Schmidt, Miki Santosa, Susanne Jones, and Richard Hallen. “Wet Waste Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Biocrude Upgrading to Hydrocarbon Fuels: 2019 State of Technology.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, April 2020. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1617028/.

Snowden-Swan, Lesley J., Yunhua Zhu, Mark D. Bearden, Timothy E. Seiple, Susanne B. Jones, Andrew J. Schmidt, Justin M. Billing, et al. “Conceptual Biorefinery Design and Research Targeted for 2022: Hydrothermal Liquefacation Processing of Wet Waste to Fuels.” Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States), December 28, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2172/1415710.

Tan, Eric C. D., Troy R. Hawkins, Uisung Lee, Ling Tao, Pimphan A. Meyer, Michael Wang, and Tom Thompson. “Biofuel Options for Marine Applications: Technoeconomic and Life-Cycle Analyses.” Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 7561–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06141.

Tan, Eric C. D., Lesley J. Snowden-Swan, Michael Talmadge, Abhijit Dutta, Susanne Jones, Karthikeyan K. Ramasamy, Michel Gray, et al. “Comparative Techno-Economic Analysis and Process Design for Indirect Liquefaction Pathways to Distillate-Range Fuels via Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Intermediates Upgrading.” Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 11, no. 1 (2017): 41–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1710.

Tao, L., D. Schell, R. Davis, E. Tan, R. Elander, and A. Bratis. “NREL 2012 Achievement of Ethanol Cost Targets: Biochemical Ethanol Fermentation via Dilute-Acid Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover,” April 1, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2172/1129271.

Tao, Ling, Anelia Milbrandt, Yanan Zhang, and Wei-Cheng Wang. “Techno-Economic and Resource Analysis of Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel.” Biotechnology for Biofuels 10, no. 1 (November 9, 2017): 261. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0945-3.

Tao, Ling, Jennifer N. Markham, Zia Haq, and Mary J. Biddy. “Techno-Economic Analysis for Upgrading the Biomass-Derived Ethanol-to-Jet Blendstocks.” Green Chemistry 19, no. 4 (2017): 1082–1101. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC02800D.

U.S. DOE. “SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap: Flight Plan for Sustainable Aviation Fuel,” 2022. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/beto-saf-gc-roadmap-report-sept-2022.pdf.

U.S. DOE. “2016 Billion-Ton Report,” 2016. https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/2016-billion-ton-report.

U.S. Department of Energy, M.H. Langholtz (Lead). “2023 Billion-Ton Report: An Assessment of U.S. Renewable Carbon Resources.” Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2023. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/beto-2023-billion-ton-report_2.pdf.

U.S. EPA. “Model Comparison Exercise Technical Document,” June 2023. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P1017P9B.pdf.

U.S. EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. “Fast Facts, U.S. Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990-2022,” May 2024.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Optimization Model for Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Automobiles (OMEGA).” Data and Tools. Regulations for Emissions from Vehicles and Engines, March 2024. https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/optimization-model-reducing-emissions-greenhouse-gases.

US EPA. “Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Results.” Data and Tools. US EPA, January 11, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/fuels-registration-reporting-and-compliance-help/lifecycle-greenhouse-gas-results.

US EPA. “Fuel Economy Label Updates.” Data and Tools, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/recalls/fuel-economy-label-updates.

Wang, Michael, Amgad Elgowainy, Uisung Lee, Kwang Hoon Baek, Sweta Balchandani, Pahola Thathiana Benavides, Andrew Burnham, et al. “Summary of Expansions and Updates in R&D GREET® 2023.” Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States), December 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2172/2278803.

Wang, Michael, Amgad Elgowainy, Uisung Lee, Adarsh Bafana, Sudhanya Banerjee, Pahola T. Benavides, Pallavi Bobba, et al. “Summary of Expansions and Updates in GREET® 2021.” Argonne, IL (United States): Argonne National Laboratory, October 11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2172/1824336. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1824336/.

Wood, Eric, Brennan Borlaug, Matt Moniot, Dong-Yeon (D-Y) Lee, Yanbo Ge, Fan Yang, and Zhaocai Liu. “The 2030 National Charging Network: Estimating U.S. Light-Duty Demand for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States), June 26, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2172/1988020.

Xie, Xiaomin, Michael Wang, and Jeongwoo Han. “Assessment of Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Fischer−Tropsch Diesel from Coal and Cellulosic Biomass.” Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 7 (April 1, 2011): 3047–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1017703.

Xu, Hui, Longwen Ou, Yuan Li, Troy R. Hawkins, and Michael Wang. “Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Production in the United States.” Environmental Science & Technology 56, no. 12 (June 21, 2022): 7512–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00289.

Zhu, Yunhua, Susanne B. Jones, Andrew J. Schmidt, Justin M. Billing, Michael R. Thorson, Daniel M. Santosa, Richard T. Hallen, and Daniel B. Anderson. “Algae/Wood Blends Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading: 2019 State of Technology,” April 27, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2172/1616287.